Why Many Languages Have Unique Words for Eleven and Twelve
Have you ever wondered why many languages have words for eleven and twelve that do not follow the same pattern as the numbers that follow?
Geographical and Linguistic Variations
Zooming in on the Germanic languages, which are closely related, we find that they all share a common feature: unique words for eleven and twelve. This can be attributed to their common linguistic ancestor. However, other languages like Mayan also exhibit similar patterns, with different systems for counting 11-14 and 15-19.
The Yoruba language has a streamlined system for 11-14, which then diverges into a different pattern for 15-19. In contrast, Spanish and Portuguese pause between 15 and 16, while French and Italian do so between 16 and 17. Hindi follows its own rule, pausing between 18 and 19.
Evolution of Number Systems
The variations in how these numbers are named across different languages can largely be attributed to the frequent use of smaller numbers in conversation. Larger numbers are used less often, making them more likely to adopt standardized counting methods. However, the reason why the transition from smaller to larger numbers differs so greatly among these languages is largely a mystery. This transition may have remnants of ancient counting systems that have persisted over time.
Derivation of the Words
The English words eleven and twelve have interesting etymological roots. They come from Old English, where endleofan and twelf are derived. These, in turn, are older Germanic words ainlif and twalif. These compound words ainlif and twalif consist of ain (one) and twa (two), with the suffix lif likely meaning "to leave." So, ainlif and twalif can be roughly translated to "one left after ten" and "two left after ten," respectively.
The Duodecimal System
Historically, many counting systems were based on dozens rather than tens, such as the duodecimal (base-12) system. This is why some languages have more flexibility in their number formation. For example, in the Old Japanese binary numeral system, counting was done using a binary approach, reflecting a very different system from the decimal system we use today.
Historical Counting Systems
Exploring the history of various numeral systems, we find fascinating examples like the sexagesimal (base-60) system used in Mesopotamia, which was crucial for astronomy and timekeeping. Another example is the yan tan tethera system, an old British counting method traditionally used by shepherds.
Understanding these counting systems can provide valuable insights into the linguistic and cultural heritage of each region. For instance, the sexagesimal numbers in Mesopotamian mathematical texts and the Yan Tan Tethera are just a few examples of how these systems were adapted and used in daily life.
Standardization and Modern Usage
While most modern transactions rely on the base-10 (decimal) system, it's essential to remember that the standardized system we use today is a relatively recent development. Many ancient counting systems were deeply rooted in the local context and were used for practical purposes long before the decimal system became the norm.
Exploring these historical and linguistic variations not only enriches our understanding of human culture but also highlights the complexity of numerical expression in different cultural contexts.