Theological Differences Between Jewish and Christian Translations of the Tanakh

For Christians, the Tanakh (or Hebrew Bible) plays a foundational role in their theology, often serving as the primary scriptural source. However, there are notable differences between the Jewish and Christian translations of the Tanakh, not only in numbering and book order but also in how certain terms are translated. These discrepancies can illuminate significant theological shifts.

Numbering and Book Order

The primary differences between the Jewish and Christian versions of the Tanakh revolve around numbering and book order. A Jewish Bible closely follows the Hebrew Bible, while a Christian Bible includes additional books in a different order, often referred to as the Apocrypha or Deuterocanonical books. This distinction is crucial for understanding the overarching structure of the Tanakh in each tradition.

Theological Shifts in Translation

Translation choices can reveal considerable theological implications. For instance, while the original Hebrew text of the Tanakh uses the term 'gan' (??) in Genesis 2:8, which simply means 'garden,' the Greek translation (Septuagint) and subsequent Latin translations use the term 'paradeison' (παραδεισ??), which implies a place of pleasure and delight. This translation shift carries significant connotations:

Context and Environment: In the original narrative, the garden represents a protected and nurturing environment, signifying innocence. Upon acquiring knowledge, the narrative indicates a readiness for adult life. However, in Greek and Latin translations, the garden is depicted as an area reserved for enjoyment and luxury.

These translations subtly emphasize different aspects of the narrative, reflecting a theological shift in the viewer’s perception of the character of God and humanity’s relationship with Him.

Specific Differences in Verses

There are several verses in the Tanakh where the Jewish and Christian translations exhibit notable differences:

Psalm 22:17: In the Tanakh, the verse reads, 'Like a lion they are at my hands and feet.' However, in Christian translations, it is translated as, 'They pierced my hands and feet.' Psalm 2:12: The Tanakh version states, 'Arm yourself with purity.' In contrast, the Christian version says, 'Kiss the Son, lest he be angry.' Isaiah 7:14: The Tanakh renders the verse as, 'A young woman has conceived,' whereas the Christian version translates it as, 'A virgin will conceive.' Isaiah 9:6: The Tanakh version reads, 'To us a child has been born,' while the Christian translation states, 'To us a child will be born.'

These differences may seem minor but can significantly alter the interpretive context and symbolism. For instance, the use of 'virgin' in Isaiah 9:6 in Christian translations supports the messianic interpretation, whereas the original Hebrew text does not explicitly necessitate this interpretation.

Another example highlights the mistranslation in the New Testament. In 2 Chronicles 24:20, the verse mentions 'Zechariah son of Jehoiada the priest' receiving the Spirit of God. This is translated differently in the Christians' Matthew 23:35 as a prophecy related to Abel and other righteous martyrs. This shift in context is significant, as it changes the theological framework of the narrative.

Implications for Theology

These variations in translation have profound implications for theology. They highlight how different interpretive frameworks can shape understanding and application. The shifts can influence how one perceives God, human nature, and the purpose of religious practice. Finding a common ground in these interpretations is essential for fostering dialogue and mutual understanding between Jewish and Christian communities.

Understanding these differences also serves to enrich our appreciation for the complexity of religious texts and the importance of careful translation. It encourages a deeper engagement with scripture, recognizing that the text's meaning is as much about its interpretation as it is about its original linguistic and cultural context.