The Evolution of Political Science: From Philosophical Inquiry to Quantitative Analysis
Reflecting on the historical trajectory of political science, we can see how this once philosophical discipline transformed into an empirical study. Historical figures such as Plato and modern scholars have played pivotal roles in shaping this academic field.
Early Beginnings with Plato
Political science as a distinct academic discipline can trace its roots back to ancient Greece. In the first century BCE, the philosopher Plato explored the fundamental questions of politics through his dialogues, delving into the nature of justice, the qualities of good governance, and what is most beneficial for humanity. These early inquiries laid the groundwork for the broader discussions that would follow.
Modern Forms Emerge in the 18th and 19th Centuries
During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, political science began to take more structured forms, thanks to the work of notable theorists like Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Jeremy Bentham. This period marked the transition from purely philosophical reflections to more structured and analytical approaches. Rousseau's emphasis on the social contract and Bentham's utilitarianism provided theoretical frameworks that influenced the development of political science as a rigorous academic discipline.
Modernism and Formal Explanations
The late nineteenth century witnessed a shift towards modernism, where political science adopted a more formal and scientific approach. This shift was part of a wider modernist movement that replaced earlier developmental narratives with more formal explanations. Scholars began to employ qualitative and quantitative methods, integrating positivist theory to create a more systematized framework for studying politics.
Critical Perspectives on Political Science
According to D. Lieven, a prominent English historian, modern political science is heavily influenced by Anglo-American perspectives and values. He argues that the West, particularly its Anglo-Saxon core, has become a universal benchmark by which other cultures and political systems are measured. This has led to a dogmatic approach that is often criticized for its bias.
Current Challenges and Ethical Considerations
Despite its advancements, political science faces significant challenges. Today, political science is sometimes seen as more focused on national interests, often at the expense of ethical considerations. The field has become adept at legitimizing power structures and maintaining the status quo, blurring the lines between what is in the best interest of the nation and what is merely in the interest of specific groups or individuals.
Conclusion
From its philosophical origins in ancient Greece to its modern, empirically driven form, political science has evolved significantly. While it continues to be an influential and necessary academic discipline, it must confront and address its inherent biases and ethical dilemmas to maintain its relevance and credibility in an increasingly interconnected world.