The Evolution of Orphanages in England: A Historical Overview
Orphanages in England have a rich and complex history, reflecting broader societal and legislative changes over time. This article provides an in-depth look at the development of these institutions, examining their origins in the medieval period and the significant shifts that occurred during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Early History: Medieval Period
The care of orphans and abandoned children in medieval England was primarily managed by religious institutions. Monasteries and convents served as shelters and providers of support for those in need, reflecting the prevailing belief in religious charity.
The Poor Laws: 16th Century
The introduction of the Poor Law system in the 16th century aimed to assist impoverished individuals, including orphans, but it fell short in providing adequate care for many children. This system, while well-meaning, often left many children without the support they desperately needed.
The Rise of Philanthropy: 18th Century
By the 1700s, a rise in philanthropic efforts brought about more organized forms of aid for orphans. Wealthy individuals and groups began establishing dedicated institutions, shifting the focus from charity-based care to institutional care.
The Foundling Hospital: 1739
The First Orphanage in England was the Foundling Hospital, established in London by Thomas Coram, a merchant sea captain and fundraising mastermind. In 1739, he persuaded prominent figures, including the Duke of Bedford, to contribute to a foundation that took in unwanted and abandoned babies, offering shelter, education, and training. The first children were admitted in 1741.
Thomas Coram by William Hogarth
Babies were initially sent to rural wet nurses for a few years, returning to the hospital in Lamb’s Conduit Street until their mid-teens, where they were placed as apprentices. This innovative approach set a precedent for future orphanages in England and beyond.
The Industrial Revolution and Orphanages
The Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes, leading to urban poverty and an increase in the number of orphaned children. This prompted the establishment of more orphanages to address the growing need for care.
Legislation and Reform: 1834
The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 reformed the welfare system, leading to the creation of workhouses that housed orphans alongside the poor. Although not traditional orphanages, these institutions served a similar purpose.
20th Century and Beyond: Changing Attitudes
By the 20th century, attitudes towards orphanages began to shift. There was an increasing emphasis on family-based care and fostering. Many orphanages were either closed or transformed into different types of care facilities, reflecting a move towards more contemporary, family-oriented child welfare practices.
Thomas Coram Foundation for Children
The Foundling Hospital, originally established in 1739, underwent significant transformations. In 1926, the residential side of the foundation was moved to the countryside, and by the 1950s, the foundation ended its residential function, re-badging itself as the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children. This foundation now works in a wide range of child support activities and provides services in adoption and fostering.
"The Charter remains the one signed by King George II in 1739.""
Conclusion
The journey of orphanages in England is a testament to the changing social, economic, and legislative climate over the centuries. From religious institutions in the medieval period to philanthropic efforts in the 18th century, and then to the establishment and reform of welfare systems, these institutions have played a crucial role in caring for orphans and abandoned children. The legacy of Thomas Coram continues to influence contemporary child welfare practices, reflecting the enduring commitment to the well-being of vulnerable children.