Is ASL Word for Word: Understanding the Differences Between ASL and Spoken Languages in Communication
Many individuals often confuse the roles of translation and interpretation when it comes to sign language, specifically American Sign Language (ASL). While some believe that interpreting involves a word-for-word translation, the reality is quite different. This article explores the fundamental differences between translation and interpretation, using ASL and Spoken Languages as a case study to illustrate this point.
Translation vs. Interpretation
In the context of language, translation refers to the process of converting a text from one language to another while maintaining its meaning as closely as possible. This involves not only the vocabulary and grammar but also the cultural context and idiomatic expressions. In contrast, interpretation focuses on conveying the message in a natural, fluent manner in the target language. The interpreter may paraphrase or rephrase the content to ensure clarity and coherence.
The Role of ASL in Communication
ASL is a unique visual-motor language with its own vocabulary and structure, which is distinct from the English language. Unlike spoken languages, ASL does not rely on the use of articles like “the,” “of,” and “is,” and conjunctions like “and” and “or.” Instead, it employs facial expressions, handshapes, and body language to convey information.
Facial Expressions and Role-Shifting
The use of facial expressions in ASL is a critical component of its communication system. These expressions help convey emotions, emphasis, and even grammatical information. For instance, maintaining a neutral expression while pointing to an object indicates that the person is pointing to the object, rather than identifying it. On the other hand, an emotional expression could indicate the person's emotional state about the object being pointed out.
Handshapes and Pointing
ASL uses handshapes to represent objects, actions, or abstract concepts. The form and movement of the hands are crucial to the meaning of the signs. Pointing in ASL, unlike in spoken languages, can take on different meanings based on the context. A pointing gesture might indicate an action (e.g., “pointing to” something), a location, or even a reference to a prior sign.
Grammar and Structure
One of the most significant differences between ASL and spoken languages is their grammatical structure. ASL does not follow the same sentence structure found in spoken languages. In spoken English, for example, the subject, verb, and object typically come in that order. However, in ASL, this order can vary, and the use of time markers and directional verbs plays a crucial role in conveying the sequence of events.
Examples: ASL and Spoken Language Differences
Let's delve into an example to illustrate the differences:
Children's Song: Frère Jacques
Consider the children's song Frère Jacques in two versions: an English interpretation and its French original.
English Interpretation
Are you sleeping are you sleeping
Brother John Brother John
Morning bells are ringing! Morning bells are ringing!
Ding dang dong. Ding dang dong.
In this interpretation, the English version suggests that someone is waking up a brother named John.
French Original
Frère Jacques Frère Jacques
Dormez-vous Dormez-vous
Sonnez les matines! Sonnez les matines!
Din din don. Din din don.
However, the meaning is completely different! According to French speakers, Frère Jacques translates literally to “Friar John.” The context is set in a monastery, and the phrase “sonnez les matines” refers to the ringing of bells before dawn.
Translation vs. Interpretation Side by Side
Translation: Brother John Brother John
Are you asleep? Are you asleep?
Ring the morning bells! Ring the morning bells!
Ding dang dong. Ding dang dong.
Interpretation: Brother John Brother John
Are you sleeping Are you sleeping
Ring the morning bells! Ring the morning bells!
Ding dang dong. Ding dang dong.
The translation preserves the rhyme and meter, whereas the interpretation conveys the meaning in a natural, fluent manner.
Conclusion
ASL is not a simple word-for-word translation of spoken languages. Its unique grammar, structure, and reliance on visual and non-verbal cues make it distinct. While translation aims to provide an exact equivalent, interpretation focuses on clarity and fluency. This distinction is crucial for those working with sign languages, whether as interpreters or translators. Understanding these differences is essential for effective communication and accuracy in interpreting.