Choosing Between Actual Numbers and Percentages in Your Research Report

When crafting a research report, one of the key decisions you face is determining whether to present actual numbers or percentages. Each option has its own set of advantages and disadvantages, and the choice should be made based on the context, your audience, and the goals of the report.

Why Use Actual Numbers?

Actual numbers, also known as absolute numbers, provide a clear and straightforward representation of data. They can be particularly compelling because they are not abstract like percentages. Readers can easily understand the exact data points, which can be more impactful than percentages. For example, stating that 15 out of 20 participants completed a task is more memorable than saying 75% of participants did so. Actual numbers are especially useful when the total number of participants or items being counted is relevant, such as in project progress reports.

Use Cases for Actual Numbers

When the total number matters, e.g., the number of participants in a study or the number of items produced. When tracking progress towards a specific goal, e.g., the number of tasks completed out of a set number. When the sample size is small and the actual number may provide more context.

Why Use Percentages?

Percentages, on the other hand, are excellent for comparing proportions and making it easier for readers to understand the relative size of different groups or populations. Percentages simplify the data, making it quicker to digest and draw insights from. However, they can be misleading when sample sizes are small. In such cases, a small difference in the percentage can overemphasize the significance of the result. Additionally, percentages can sometimes oversimplify the data, potentially hiding important variables or nuances.

Visual Representation: Pie Charts

A better way to use percentages is to present them visually through pie charts. Pie charts are easier to understand at a glance than tables or graphs with percentages. They provide a clear visual representation of the relative proportions, making it easy to spot patterns and comparisons. For instance, a pie chart showing the distribution of survey responses can be more engaging and informative than a table with percentage values.

Comparing Actual Numbers and Percentages with Small Sample Sizes

When dealing with small sample sizes, both actual numbers and percentages can be problematic. Actual numbers may not provide enough context to draw meaningful conclusions, while percentages can exaggerate the importance of small variations. In these cases, it is often best to use both actual numbers and percentages to provide a more complete picture. This approach allows readers to view the data in both absolute and relative terms, enhancing the overall accuracy of the report.

Guidelines for Effective Numerical Language

Consistency

To maintain clarity and avoid confusion, it is essential to be consistent with the format you use throughout your report. If you choose to use percentages, stick with that format and avoid mixing actual numbers and percentages unless absolutely necessary. This consistency helps readers to quickly and easily follow your arguments.

Context

Consider the context and objectives of your report. Think about the most effective way to communicate your message to your audience. If your goal is to provide a clear and complete picture, using both actual numbers and percentages may be the best approach. If your goal is to make comparisons, percentages may be more appropriate.

APA Guidelines

To ensure that your report adheres to academic standards, follow the APA guidelines for presenting data with numbers and percentages. This includes using the correct format, such as writing out percentages as words (e.g., "seventy-five percent") and using numerals for larger numbers (e.g., "75%").

Transparency and Honesty in Reporting

It is crucial to be transparent and present data in a clear, unbiased manner. Avoid tactics such as cherry-picking results or using misleading percentages to support a preconceived conclusion. For example, when comparing survey results across different groups, provide both the actual numbers and percentages, clearly stating the sample sizes involved. This ensures that readers can draw appropriate conclusions and makes your report more credible.

In summary: When deciding between using actual numbers and percentages in research findings, consider the context, message goals, accuracy, and audience. Always aim for clear and honest communication, adhering to proper guidelines and being transparent with the data you present. If you have any questions or need further clarification, feel free to reach out!

Best regards,
Maria